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etymologie

proportional sampling - vertaling naar russisch

CONCEPT IN TAXATION

Proportional taxes; Proportional tax rate

proportional sampling

пропорциональная (квотная) выборка; выборка, построенная на воспроизводстве генеральной совокупности через пропорции (квоты) изучаемых элементов.

snowball sampling

NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Snowball sample; Respondent-driven sampling; Snowball method; Snowballed sample

выборка типа "снежный ком"; эмпирическая выборка, не имеющая вероятностного обоснования, формируется, когда трудно очертить границы генеральной совокупности путем целенаправленного отбора экспертов и так называемых "редких элементов", которые после интервью могут указать следующий элемент и так далее (используется при изучении закрытых социальных групп - религиозных сект, банд и т.п.).

sampling theorem

THEOREM

Nyquist theorem; Shannon sampling theorem; Nyquist sampling theorem; Nyquist's theorem; Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem; Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem; Nyqvist-Shannon sampling theorem; Sampling theorem; Nyquist Sampling Theorem; Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem; Nyquist–Shannon theorem; Nyquist–Shannon Theorem; Nyquist Theorem; Shannon-Nyquist theorem; Nyquist sampling; Nyquist's law; Nyquist law; Coherent sampling; Nyqvist limit; Raabe condition; Nyquist-Shannon Theorem; Nyquist-Shannon theorem; Nyquist noise theorem; Shannon–Nyquist theorem; Kotelnikov-Shannon theorem; Kotelnikov–Shannon theorem; Nyquist-Shannon; Kotelnikov theorem; Nyquist's sampling theorem; Sampling Theorem; Nyquist Shannon theorem; Nyquist–Shannon–Kotelnikov sampling theorem; Whittaker–Shannon–Kotelnikov sampling theorem; Whittaker–Nyquist–Kotelnikov–Shannon sampling theorem; Nyquist-Shannon-Kotelnikov sampling theorem; Whittaker-Shannon-Kotelnikov sampling theorem; Whittaker-Nyquist-Kotelnikov-Shannon sampling theorem; Cardinal theorem of interpolation; WKS sampling theorem; Whittaker–Kotelnikow–Shannon sampling theorem; Whittaker-Kotelnikow-Shannon sampling theorem; Nyquist–Shannon–Kotelnikov; Whittaker–Shannon–Kotelnikov; Whittaker–Nyquist–Kotelnikov–Shannon; Nyquist-Shannon-Kotelnikov; Whittaker-Shannon-Kotelnikov; Whittaker-Nyquist-Kotelnikov-Shannon; Whittaker–Shannon sampling theorem; Whittaker–Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem; Whittaker-Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem; Whittaker-Shannon sampling theorem

теорема отсчетов (дискретазации)

Definitie

Nyquist Theorem

<communications> A theorem stating that when an analogue waveform is digitised, only the frequencies in the waveform below half the sampling frequency will be recorded. In order to reconstruct (interpolate) a signal from a sequence of samples, sufficient samples must be recorded to capture the peaks and troughs of the original waveform. If a waveform is sampled at less than twice its frequency the reconstructed waveform will effectively contribute only noise. This phenomenon is called "aliasing" (the high frequencies are "under an alias"). This is why the best digital audio is sampled at 44,000 Hz - twice the average upper limit of human hearing. The Nyquist Theorem is not specific to digitised signals (represented by discrete amplitude levels) but applies to any sampled signal (represented by discrete time values), not just sound. {Nyquist (http://geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/nyquist.htm)} (the man, somewhat inaccurate). (2003-10-21)

Toon meer definities

Wikipedia

Proportional tax

A proportional tax is a tax imposed so that the tax rate is fixed, with no change as the taxable base amount increases or decreases. The amount of the tax is in proportion to the amount subject to taxation. "Proportional" describes a distribution effect on income or expenditure, referring to the way the rate remains consistent (does not progress from "low to high" or "high to low" as income or consumption changes), where the marginal tax rate is equal to the average tax rate.

It can be applied to individual taxes or to a tax system as a whole; a year, multi-year, or lifetime. Proportional taxes maintain equal tax incidence regardless of the ability-to-pay and do not shift the incidence disproportionately to those with a higher or lower economic well-being.

Flat taxes are defined as levying a fixed (“flat”) fraction of taxable income. They usually exempt from taxation household income below a statutorily determined level that is a function of the type and size of the household. As a result, such a flat marginal rate is consistent with a progressive average tax rate. A progressive tax is a tax imposed so that the tax rate increases as the amount subject to taxation increases. The opposite of a progressive tax is a regressive tax, where the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases.

The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 proclaims:

A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional tax

Vertaling van &#39proportional sampling&#39 naar Russisch